Blockchain allows digital information to be distributed over multiple nodes in the network. It powers the backbone of bitcoin and cryptocurrency.
The concept of a distributed ledger found its use case beyond crypto and is now used in other infrastructure.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger that powers bitcoin. Satoshi invented bitcoin, and blockchain was the key component. Blockchain is highly secured and works around a decentralized consensus algorithm where no one can own the control completely.
Let's divide the word blockchain into two parts: block and chain. A block is a set of transactions that happen over the network. The chain is where blocks are linked to each other in a way that the next block contains hash of the previous one. Even a small change in the previous block can change its hash and break the whole chain, making it difficult to tamper data.
These are some prerequisites that will help you understand the concepts better.
Public-key Cryptography- Used to claim the authenticity of the user. It involves a pair of public and private keys. The user creates a signature with the private key, and the network uses the public key of the user to validate that the content is untouched.
Digital signatures employ asymmetric key cryptography.
Cryptographic hash functions:
There are a few problem statements that we can quickly solve using a distributed consensus system rather than a conventional centralized system.
Let me share some blockchain applications:
Consider an auction where people bet on artifacts, and the winner pays and takes out those artifacts. But if we try to implement the same auction over the internet, there would be trust issues. What if one wins the bet saying 10000$ and at the time of payment, he doesn't respond.
We can handle such events easily using blockchain. During betting, a token amount will be deducted from an account and will be stored in the smart contract (business logic code deployed on Ethereum). Bid transactions use a private key to sign transactions, so this way, one can not revert by saying that those transactions never happened.
Another simple but amazing solution we can develop using Ethereum is online games like tic-tac-toe, where both players will deposit `X` amount in the smart contract. Each move done by a player gets recorded on blockchain (each movement will be digitally signed), and smart contract logic will verify a player's move every time. In the end, the smart contract will decide the winner. And the winner can claim his reward.
- No one controls your game
- There is no way one can cheat
- No frauds, the winner always gets a reward.
Bitcoin is the biggest and most well-known implementation of blockchain technology.
The list of applications based on distributed consensus systems goes on.
Note: Ethereum smart contract is the code that is deployed over Ethereum blockchain. It is written as a transaction on the block so no one can alter the logic. This is also known as Code is Law.
Check out some of the smart contract examples.
Bitcoin is the base and ideal implementation for all other cryptocurrencies. Let's dig deep into blockchain technology and cryptocurrency.
We have to design our bitcoin to meet above requirements.
1) Consider that bitcoin is just a string that we will send from one node to the other. Here, the string is: “I, Alice, am giving Bob one bitcoin.” It shows Alice is sending Bob one bitcoin.
2) Sam uses the fake identity of Alice and sends bitcoin on her behalf.
3) We can solve this fake identity problem using Digital signature. Sam can not use a fake identity.
But there is still one problem, double spending. This occurs when Alice sends one transaction multiple times. It's difficult to check if Alice wants to send multiple bitcoins or just retrying transactions due to high network latency or any other issue.
4) But a simple solution is to add a unique transaction ID to each transaction.
5) It’s time to add more complexity to our system. Let's check how we can validate the transaction between Alice and Bob.
In cryptocurrency, every node knows everything (nodes are the systems where blockchain clients are installed, like Geth for Ethereum).
Every node maintains a local ledger containing whole blockchain data. Here, Alice, Sam, and Bob know how much bitcoins everyone has. This helps validate all transactions happening over the network.
As Bob receives an event from Alice containing a bitcoin transaction. He checks the local copy of the blockchain and verifies if Alice owns that one bitcoin that she wants to send. If Bob finds out that the transaction is valid, he broadcasts that to all networks and waits for others to confirm. Other peers also check their local copy and acknowledge the transaction. If maximum peers confirm the transaction valid then that transaction gets added to the blockchain. And everyone will update their copy of ledger now, and Alice has one less bitcoin.
Note: In actual cryptocurrency, validation occurs at a block-level rather than validating one transaction. Bob will validate a set of transactions and creates one block from it and will broadcast that transaction over the network to validate.
6) Still, there is one problem with this approach. Here, we are using Bob as a validator. But what if he is a fraud. He might say that transaction is valid even if its invalid, and he has thousands of automated bots to support him. This way the whole blockchain will follow bots and accept the invalid transaction (Majority wins).
In this example, Alice has one bitcoin. Still, she creates two transactions: one to Bob and another to Sam. Alice waits for the network to accept the transaction to Bob. Now Alice has 0 bitcoins. If Alice validates her own transaction to Sam and says it's valid (Alice has no bitcoin left to spend), and she has a large number of bots to support her, then eventually the whole network will accept that transaction, and Alice will double spend the bitcoin.
7) We can solve this problem with the POW (Proof of Work) consensus algorithm.
This is a puzzle that one has to solve while validating the transactions present in the block.
Here you can see that the block has a size of around 1MB. So, you need to append any random number to the block and calculate hash, so that the hash value will have a starting string of zeros as shown in the image.
Blockchain decides this number, and then the next block miner has to calculate a random number so that hash has that many zeros in the beginning. To solve this puzzle, the miner has to try Peta combinations to get the answer. As this is a very complex process, miners get rewarded after the validation of the block.
But how can we solve the above problem using mining?
Suppose the blockchain network has 10,000 active mining nodes with the same computational power. The probability that one can mine is only 0.01%. If one wants to do fraud transactions, he should have huge mining power to validate the block and convince other nodes to accept the invalid block. To do this, one needs to own more than 50% of computational power, that is very difficult.
Now we have a prototype cryptocurrency model ready with us.
Note: Each blockchain node follows the majority. Even if a transaction is invalid, but with more than 51% of nodes say it's valid, the whole network will be convinced and go rogue. This means that any group owns 51% of computational power(hash power), controls the whole blockchain network. This is known as a 51% attack.
There are a few limitations to blockchain-based solutions.
Bitcoin can perform only 5 transactions per sec, while any financial bank can do more than 24000 transactions per sec.
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Blockchain allows digital information to be distributed over multiple nodes in the network. It powers the backbone of bitcoin and cryptocurrency.
The concept of a distributed ledger found its use case beyond crypto and is now used in other infrastructure.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger that powers bitcoin. Satoshi invented bitcoin, and blockchain was the key component. Blockchain is highly secured and works around a decentralized consensus algorithm where no one can own the control completely.
Let's divide the word blockchain into two parts: block and chain. A block is a set of transactions that happen over the network. The chain is where blocks are linked to each other in a way that the next block contains hash of the previous one. Even a small change in the previous block can change its hash and break the whole chain, making it difficult to tamper data.
These are some prerequisites that will help you understand the concepts better.
Public-key Cryptography- Used to claim the authenticity of the user. It involves a pair of public and private keys. The user creates a signature with the private key, and the network uses the public key of the user to validate that the content is untouched.
Digital signatures employ asymmetric key cryptography.
Cryptographic hash functions:
There are a few problem statements that we can quickly solve using a distributed consensus system rather than a conventional centralized system.
Let me share some blockchain applications:
Consider an auction where people bet on artifacts, and the winner pays and takes out those artifacts. But if we try to implement the same auction over the internet, there would be trust issues. What if one wins the bet saying 10000$ and at the time of payment, he doesn't respond.
We can handle such events easily using blockchain. During betting, a token amount will be deducted from an account and will be stored in the smart contract (business logic code deployed on Ethereum). Bid transactions use a private key to sign transactions, so this way, one can not revert by saying that those transactions never happened.
Another simple but amazing solution we can develop using Ethereum is online games like tic-tac-toe, where both players will deposit `X` amount in the smart contract. Each move done by a player gets recorded on blockchain (each movement will be digitally signed), and smart contract logic will verify a player's move every time. In the end, the smart contract will decide the winner. And the winner can claim his reward.
- No one controls your game
- There is no way one can cheat
- No frauds, the winner always gets a reward.
Bitcoin is the biggest and most well-known implementation of blockchain technology.
The list of applications based on distributed consensus systems goes on.
Note: Ethereum smart contract is the code that is deployed over Ethereum blockchain. It is written as a transaction on the block so no one can alter the logic. This is also known as Code is Law.
Check out some of the smart contract examples.
Bitcoin is the base and ideal implementation for all other cryptocurrencies. Let's dig deep into blockchain technology and cryptocurrency.
We have to design our bitcoin to meet above requirements.
1) Consider that bitcoin is just a string that we will send from one node to the other. Here, the string is: “I, Alice, am giving Bob one bitcoin.” It shows Alice is sending Bob one bitcoin.
2) Sam uses the fake identity of Alice and sends bitcoin on her behalf.
3) We can solve this fake identity problem using Digital signature. Sam can not use a fake identity.
But there is still one problem, double spending. This occurs when Alice sends one transaction multiple times. It's difficult to check if Alice wants to send multiple bitcoins or just retrying transactions due to high network latency or any other issue.
4) But a simple solution is to add a unique transaction ID to each transaction.
5) It’s time to add more complexity to our system. Let's check how we can validate the transaction between Alice and Bob.
In cryptocurrency, every node knows everything (nodes are the systems where blockchain clients are installed, like Geth for Ethereum).
Every node maintains a local ledger containing whole blockchain data. Here, Alice, Sam, and Bob know how much bitcoins everyone has. This helps validate all transactions happening over the network.
As Bob receives an event from Alice containing a bitcoin transaction. He checks the local copy of the blockchain and verifies if Alice owns that one bitcoin that she wants to send. If Bob finds out that the transaction is valid, he broadcasts that to all networks and waits for others to confirm. Other peers also check their local copy and acknowledge the transaction. If maximum peers confirm the transaction valid then that transaction gets added to the blockchain. And everyone will update their copy of ledger now, and Alice has one less bitcoin.
Note: In actual cryptocurrency, validation occurs at a block-level rather than validating one transaction. Bob will validate a set of transactions and creates one block from it and will broadcast that transaction over the network to validate.
6) Still, there is one problem with this approach. Here, we are using Bob as a validator. But what if he is a fraud. He might say that transaction is valid even if its invalid, and he has thousands of automated bots to support him. This way the whole blockchain will follow bots and accept the invalid transaction (Majority wins).
In this example, Alice has one bitcoin. Still, she creates two transactions: one to Bob and another to Sam. Alice waits for the network to accept the transaction to Bob. Now Alice has 0 bitcoins. If Alice validates her own transaction to Sam and says it's valid (Alice has no bitcoin left to spend), and she has a large number of bots to support her, then eventually the whole network will accept that transaction, and Alice will double spend the bitcoin.
7) We can solve this problem with the POW (Proof of Work) consensus algorithm.
This is a puzzle that one has to solve while validating the transactions present in the block.
Here you can see that the block has a size of around 1MB. So, you need to append any random number to the block and calculate hash, so that the hash value will have a starting string of zeros as shown in the image.
Blockchain decides this number, and then the next block miner has to calculate a random number so that hash has that many zeros in the beginning. To solve this puzzle, the miner has to try Peta combinations to get the answer. As this is a very complex process, miners get rewarded after the validation of the block.
But how can we solve the above problem using mining?
Suppose the blockchain network has 10,000 active mining nodes with the same computational power. The probability that one can mine is only 0.01%. If one wants to do fraud transactions, he should have huge mining power to validate the block and convince other nodes to accept the invalid block. To do this, one needs to own more than 50% of computational power, that is very difficult.
Now we have a prototype cryptocurrency model ready with us.
Note: Each blockchain node follows the majority. Even if a transaction is invalid, but with more than 51% of nodes say it's valid, the whole network will be convinced and go rogue. This means that any group owns 51% of computational power(hash power), controls the whole blockchain network. This is known as a 51% attack.
There are a few limitations to blockchain-based solutions.
Bitcoin can perform only 5 transactions per sec, while any financial bank can do more than 24000 transactions per sec.
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